During repolarization the neuron will not fire no matter how much stimulation it receives. However, she went to the restroom to change instead. d. disturbing and inaccurate assumptions and attitudes. c. helping the client gain insight into his or her unconscious desires and needs. The ego attempts to mediate the desires of the id against the demands of reality, and eventually, the moral limitations or guidelines of the superego. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. Of course, removing cognition from the study of psychology ignored an important part of what makes us human and separates us from the rest of the animal kingdom. 89. Individuals describe this feeling as an out-of-body experience where you are an observer of your thoughts, feelings, and physical being. c. operant conditioning. b. increase feelings of gratitude and decrease feelings of fear. 99. Once the electrical impulse reaches the end of the axon, called the axon terminal, it stimulates synaptic vesicles or neurotransmitter sacs to release the neurotransmitter. What is this therapy? If a behavior is not memorable, it will not be imitated. As you might expect, the behavior will begin to weaken and eventually stop when this occurs. c. cognitive-behavioral therapy. First, libido is the psychic energy that drives a person to pleasurable thoughts and behaviors. Module 6: Dissociative Disorders - Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders An example was the attention I received for saying I was Chicken Little. Cognitive processes cannot be empirically and reliably measured and should be ignored. Possible side effects include weight gain, sleepiness, nausea and vomiting, panic attacks, or thoughts about suicide or dying. Interestingly, younger adults are more likely to develop SAD than older adults. c. paradigms. a. avoidance b. illogical c. safety d. exposure, 96. d. acceptance and commitment, 97. 131. ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. 56. The sociocultural model has contributed significantly to our understanding of the nuances of mental illness diagnosis, prognosis, course, and treatment for other races, cultures, genders, ethnicities. All while doing this, we will identify areas of concern for psychologists focused on the treatment of mental disorders. 100. 43. In Module 3, we will discuss diagnosing and classifying abnormal behavior from the perspective of the DSM-5-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, Text-Revision). Note the plural form of dendrite and the singular form of axon; there are many dendrites but only one axon. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? c. There is limited research supporting biological causes of mental illness. a. focused primarily on unconscious thoughts, instincts, and conflict. Environmental factors also play a role in the development of mental illness. 122. They are tied to experiences early in life. What treatments are available to clinicians courtesy of the biological model of psychopathology? c. intellectualization. Researchers who have looked into the link between religious devotion and psychological well-being have come to the following conclusion that: It has several structures in common with all cells in the body. 73. Eventually the fact that no food comes will extinguish this reaction but still, it will be weird for a bit). The child learns to interact with others without yelling. Clarify how socioeconomic factors affect mental illness. How so? d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. Students also viewed PSY 381 Chapter 2 a. starting treatment for a diagnosed mental health condition b. passing out educational materials that describe modifiable risk factors for mental illness c. providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed d. advocating for federal legislation that protects individuals mental health in the workplace. a. gestalt theorist b. psychodynamic theorist c. existential theorist d. evolutionary theorist. c. enmeshed. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. If you do not believe you do anything right, list evidence of when you did not do something right and then evidence of when you did. 2.2.3.2. c. gestalt therapy. Outline respondent conditioning and the work of Pavlov and Watson. They would salivate at the sound of a bell, footsteps in the hall, a tuning fork, or the presence of a lab assistant. Exemplify the effect of schemas on creating abnormal behavior. Why is this? Maladaptive cognitions. 2.2.1.6. 27. 140. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. b. the role that biology plays in psychological functioning. Still, cognitive-behavioral therapies have proven their efficacy for the treatment of OCD (McKay et al., 2015), perinatal depression (Sockol, 2015), insomnia (de Bruin et al., 2015), bulimia nervosa (Poulsen et al., 2014), hypochondriasis (Olatunji et al., 2014), and social anxiety disorder (Leichsenring et al., 2014) to name a few. c. unconditional positive regard. Notice that preconditioning has both an A and a B panel. b. the different patterns of communication displayed by men and women. According to cognition-focused therapists, which is a factor in abnormal behavior? Criticisms. Possible side effects include loss of appetite, headache, motor or verbal tics, and personality changes such as appearing emotionless. In operant conditioning, the rule for determining when and how often we will reinforce the desired behavior is called the reinforcement schedule. a. sociocultural b. biological c. cognitive d. demonological, 4. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: how prejudice and discrimination impact women. The most common types of antidepressants are SSRIs or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and include Citalopram, Paroxetine, and Fluoxetine (Prozac). Which statement about couple therapy is MOST accurate? Dealing with anxiety. c. The underlying assumptions of each model are the same. Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. She interprets this to mean that the hospital is a threatening place because it's filled with dangerous diseases. a. b. existential Preconditioning. This is called the absolute refractory period. b. cognitive-behavioral 127. Would you want notes from the student in the front or back of the class? 71. d. countertransference. As such, we will need to establish a foundation for how communication in the nervous system occurs, what the parts of the nervous system are, what a neuron is and its structure, how neural transmission occurs, and what the parts of the brain are. c. repression. Finally, the sociocultural model indicated the role of socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors on abnormal behavior. d. object relations theory. All forget that there is no individual model that completely explains human behavior, or in this case, abnormal behavior, and so each model contributes in its own way. During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her parent why she is angry. a. Briefly, these included: The article also suggested a few non-cognitive restructuring techniques, including mindfulness meditation and self-compassion. b. resistance. d. Bandura. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego. What form do these consequences take? Fourth, it is difficult to empirically study psychodynamic principles since most operate unconsciously. b. encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. They include hunger, thirst, self-preservation, and sex. The sociocultural model asserts that race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation all play a role in the development and treatment of mental illness. As you can learn desirable behaviors such as watching how your father bags groceries at the grocery store (I did this and still bag the same way today), you can learn undesirable ones too. The superego is partly conscious but mostly unconscious, and part of it becomes our conscience. Abnormal behavior arises when we avoid making choices, do not take responsibility, and fail to actualize our full potential. Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior - CliffsNotes This form of behavior therapy is widely used in clinical, business, and classroom situations. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. The answer is yes, and one of two outcomes is possible. c. manifest content. b. focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. d. frustrating the client. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? Positive means that you are giving something good or bad. Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: a. instincts, the ego, and the self. d. conflict between underlying psychological forces. 65. In Module 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. 54. Mental illness itself occurs from the interaction of multiple genes and other factorssuch as stress, abuse, or a traumatic eventwhich can influence, or trigger, an illness in a person who has an inherited susceptibility to it (https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1). Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. 151. Amelia has been told that her course of therapy is likely to take a year or more because it involves the reshaping of her personality and that takes many sessions. c. There is a decreasing need for couple therapy based on current divorce rates. The Biological Model of Abnormality Chapter Exam - Study.com Subjecting a person to a situation that causes the individual anxiety as a means of eliminating future anxiety is called: When I was a child, I loved to go swimming in a lake near my house. a. a persons moral compass b. the prefrontal cortex c. a persons libido d. ego defense mechanisms. The strategies arise from all three learning models. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. Just because there is a relationship between culture and a particular disorder, it does not mean that culture causes the disorder. The genes responsible for anxiety disorders or related psychological patterns are the same genes that once helped our ancestors survive and reproduce. Both the id and the ego: a. unconsciously seek gratification. c. axons. Influenza epidemics, caused by viral infections (for more on influenza, please see the following: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719), have also been linked to schizophrenia (Brown et al., 2004; McGrath and Castle, 1995; McGrath et al., 1994; Ocallaghan et al., 1991) though more recent research suggests this evidence is weak at best (Selten & Termorshuizen, 2017; Ebert & Kotler, 2005). 2.3.2.5. What happens to the neurotransmitters that do not bind to a receptor site? 32. I'm here for you." Fortunately, the work of George Miller, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, and Ulrich Neisser demonstrated the importance of cognitive abilities in understanding thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, and in the case of psychopathology, show that people can create their problems by how they come to interpret events experienced in the world around them. This is an example of: Members of a family operate very independently of one another. The good thing is that what is learned can be unlearned or relearned through behavior modification, the process of changing behavior. 147. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: a. social labels and roles. Describe how psychological perspectives explain mental illness. Shonda responds by changing the subject. Participants have similar issues. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? a. cognitive-behavioral b. psychodynamic c. sociocultural d. humanistic-existential, 8. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. This should sound much like what you just read about in terms of Thorndikes work. Hypnosis was used at first and relieved her symptoms, as it had done for many patients (See Module 1). The critical thing to understand here is that there is a belief in the realm of mental health that chemical imbalances are responsible for many mental disorders. A primary focus of the community mental health treatment approach to abnormality is: Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. 95. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. c. conclusions drawn by research scientists. Right before his death, Skinner (1990) reminded psychologists that the only thing we can truly know and study was the observable. Evidence of the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy comes from: a. natural observation. b. a. The pineal gland helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle while the thyroid gland regulates the bodys energy levels by controlling metabolism and the basal metabolic rate (BMR). b. resistance. Evaluate the usefulness of the biological model. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral. Schemas and cognitive errors. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. 3. The main difference between these two systems is the speed with which they act. They then realize their worth as a person but also that they are not perfect. With each subsequent escape and re-insertion into the box, the cat became faster at correctly manipulating the levers. 157. PDF Psychological Disorders d. This model requires the therapist to predict abnormal behavior in individuals. The MOST likely consequence of having acquired conditions of worth is: a. social isolation. According to Bandura, all behaviors are learned by observing others, and we model our actions after theirs, so undesirable behaviors can be altered or relearned in the same way. The medical model definition is the concept of how mental and emotional issues are related to biological causes and problems. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. 2.3.1.2. 64. 153. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: A patient's initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. d. humanists. c. moderate to severe mental illness and a coexisting developmental disorder. Third, he relied solely on the reports of his patients and sought no observer reports. Which model is MOST likely to predict that transference will occur during therapy? She is constantly looking to friends and family members for help with these decisions and gets anxious when she has to decide alone. a. existential therapy b. free association c. mindfulness meditation d. gestalt therapy, 98. 50. Secondary or conditioned reinforcers and punishers are not inherently reinforcing or punishing but must be learned. Though not neurons, glial cells play an important part in helping the nervous system to be the efficient machine that it is. Why is the psychodynamic model difficult to research? We see this in the case of reflexes. You can generate a percentage of times you ruminated to the number of successful problem-solving strategies you generated. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: a. genetic make-up. c. Two-thirds of treated couples achieve marital satisfaction by the end of therapy. c. psychoanalysts. As such, he continues to steal her toys. Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. Lorenzo's therapist frequently reminds him that he has the power to change his situation and that he must take responsibility for his actions. 2.2.2.1. c. irrational patterns of thinking. The somatic nervous system allows for voluntary movement by controlling the skeletal muscles and carries sensory information to the CNS. Receptor cells in each of the five sensory systems detect energy. The information is received by brain structures (central nervous system) and perception occurs. Explain the need for a multi-dimensional model of abnormality. Communication in the Nervous System. 145. Rita is seeing a gestalt therapist because she has anxiety about confronting her sister regarding painful interactions from their childhood. Examples include abnormal blood levels, damaged cells, and abnormal gene expression. a. modeling This is an example of: This statement aligns MOST closely with the beliefs of which type of theorist? He developed the law of effect thanks to his work with a puzzle box. What are the three assessment techniques used by Freud? In fact, in many college classrooms, this is exactly what the instructor does. In the classroom, we might use modeling to demonstrate to a student how to do a math problem. c. congenital malformations. The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. For instance, Parkinsons disease is a brain disorder that results in a gradual loss of muscle control and arises when cells in the substantia nigra, a long nucleus considered to be part of the basal ganglia, stop making dopamine. b. the evolution of adaptive and maladaptive behavior is fundamentally different. Freuds psychosexual stages of personality development are listed below. Discuss the concept of a model and identify those important to understanding psychopathology. c. result of childhood trauma. 2.3.2.1. In terms of the latter, cognitive behavior modification procedures arose after the 1960s and with the rise of cognitive psychology. His name is Integrative behavioral couple therapy helps partners: a. accept behaviors that they cannot change. 69. I bet the bad behavior ended too. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. a. 52. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. 103. d. cognitive-behavioral. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. It is present at birth, completely unconscious, and operates on the pleasure principle, resulting in selfishly seeking immediate gratification of our needs no matter what the cost. Social Sciences; Psychology; Psychology questions and answers; which statement about catergorical vs dimensions models of abnormal behavior is true?A categorial models capture the complexity of mental disorders btter than dimensional modelsB Dimensional models better reflect nature/ reality of disorders than categorial onesC Catergorial models capture the severitu of mental disorders while . He avoids visiting friends with dogs and crosses the street if he sees a person walking a dog coming his way. Asking yourself what if something happens, without being satisfied by any of the answers. a. modeling. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential. This shows the recent belief that the key to psychological disorders lies in: a. specific brain structures. d. people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? b. cognitive-behavioral. Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. Of importance to mental health professionals are the adrenal glands, located on top of the kidneys, and which release cortisol to help the body deal with stress. The procedure is still the most controversial available to mental health professionals due to its effectiveness vs. the side effects, the objectivity of ECT experts, and the recent increase in ECT as a quick and easy solution, instead of long-term psychotherapy or hospitalization (https://www.mhanational.org/ect). Negative means that something is being taken away good or bad. Irrational thought patterns can be the basis of psychopathology. A reliance on medication for treatment and belief that psychological illness is much like physical illness. With regard to assessing the effectiveness of the various models of abnormality, which model BEST lends itself to laboratory testing? Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? Simply, she placed the child in one end of a room and then brought in the rabbit. Finally, respondent conditioning has several properties: 2.3.2.3. a. low activity of GABA b. absence of dopamine c. low activity of serotonin d. excessive activity of norepinephrine. This model has been adopted by psychiatrists rather than psychologists. We are more likely to model behaviors by someone who commands our attention. MOST likely, this therapist is a _____ therapist. The person may think the schedule has simply changed. For more on these, visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring. A person has a recurring dream of losing her dog. Since your Italian professor did not provide a study guide, you didnt study for the midterm. A biological theorist studies a psychological disorder through the interconnectivity of an entire network of brain structures. d. synapses. b. exposure therapy. 143. c. emphasizes the importance of having a positive outlook. Also, many treatment techniques have been developed and proven to be effective over the years. b. self-actualizing. The peripheral nervous system consists of everything outside the brain and spinal cord. Next, a fear hierarchy, or list of feared objects and situations, is constructed in which the individual moves from least to most feared. Simply: Figure 2.1. Describe observational learning and modeling. 118. 22. The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning, according to: A therapist who describes her client as someone who has yet to fulfill his or her full potential, rather than as someone with a disorder, is MOST likely what kind of theorist? 28. Providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed. a. d. fixation. b. accepting problematic thoughts. They add, Oftentimes someone being treated with CBT will have homework in between sessions where they practice replacing negative thoughts with more realistic thoughts based on prior experiences or record their negative thoughts in a journal. For more on CBT, visit: https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy. The biopsychosocial model examines the health and other illnesses and product behavior with biological features and behavioral factors.Several health psychologists work with healthcare experts and patients to help . c. humanistic-existential c. superego. d. are considered to be fueled by the libido. 121. That is the idea, at least. Dogs do not enter the world knowing to respond to the ringing of a bell (which it hears). b. Dichotomous thinking Viewing people or events in all-or-nothing terms. Recent research has discovered that autism, ADHD, bipolar disorder, major depression, and schizophrenia all share genetic roots. A self-help group differs from group therapy in that the self-help group: A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: Which phrase would one be MOST likely to hear in a self-help group? More specifically, cognitive distortions/maladaptive cognitions can take the following forms: 2.3.3.5. Freuds psychodynamic theory made a lasting impact on the field of psychology but also has been criticized heavily. b. psychoanalysis. Which theorist would be MOST likely to advocate use of skillful frustration as a part of therapy? See Figure 2.4 below. 144. Borderline personality disorder has also been found to be higher in people in low-income brackets (Tomko et al., 2012) and group differences for personality disorders have been found between African and European Americans (Ryder, Sunohara, and Kirmayer, 2015). Module 2: Models of Abnormal Psychology by Washington State University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. b. helping the client develop a stronger sense of self and rational thinking. The sympathetic nervous system is involved when a person is intensely aroused.