2006;12:44651. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . Int J Radiat Biol. Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. Effect on human attention of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones. Article Google Scholar. However, most studies have not supported the conclusion that cell phones cause brain tumors [8,9,10,11,12]. Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. 1994;8:714. Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. [27] found that college students visual reaction times were significantly shorter after 10min of phone-induced microwave radiation. 2015;91:30611. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. 1975;148:1723. Qiao et al. Acta Neurol Belg. These results explain the genetic mechanisms by which microwave radiation induces damage to learning and memory. In contrast, a central injection of a glucose carrier inhibitor induced injury to memories [110]. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. 2012;31:25074. PLoS One. Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. 2000;284:30017. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min. 1999;75:44756. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. In the rat hippocampus, glucose uptake plays an important role in spatial learning and memory processes. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. Cell Biochem Biophys. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. Acta Pharmacol Sin. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. Johnson OL, Ouimet CC. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. Neuroreport. 2004;48:46624. J Environ Health Sci Eng. After studying these effects, Hertel concluded that microwaving food leads to food degeneration. Bioelectromagnetics. 2013;17:711. Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. [42] found similar results. Glucose is the main energy source and is closely related to brain neurotransmitters and cholesterol synthesis [106]. RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. 2011;107:35661. Additionally, in the 2.4W/kg group, neuronal filopodial density and activity were lower on day 8, and there was a reduction of the dendritic spine maturity on day 14. Ning et al. In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. 2003;80:194210. PubMed Central Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. PubMedGoogle Scholar. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). 2009;27:556572. Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. Effect of microwave electromagnetic fields on activity of energy metabolism cytochrome oxidase in cerebral cortical neurons of postnatal rats. Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. It has been shown that neurons are sensitive to reductions in the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in mitochondria, which have been reported to be vulnerable to microwave radiation [118]. The potential mechanisms underlying these damaging effects range from gene expression alterations in the respiratory chain, membrane damage, Ca2+ overloading, and DNA impairment [122,123,124,125,126,127,128]. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. Zhao et al. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. Int J Radiat Biol. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with Ann N Y Acad Sci. [81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health" by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect . This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. Those who are accustomed to using their mobile phone ipsilaterally presented a probability that was twice that of people who dont [5,6,7]. CAS Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. Xiong L, Sun CF, Zhang J, Gao YB, Wang LF, Zuo HY, et al. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. 2016;53:210011. Cassel et al. Electromagn Biol Med. Xiong et al. 2012;3:3440. [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). Article Megha et al. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. 2007;28:187380. 2002;57:2702. J Natl Cancer Inst. Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. volume4, Articlenumber:29 (2017) Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated, which play important roles in the nervous system. 2015;51:15865. The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. Dasdag et al. Surg Neurol. 2006;27:16471. More than 50% of miRNAs are found in cancer-associated regions of the genome or in fragile sites, suggesting that miRNAs also play important roles in the pathogenesis of neoplasias [96]. [99] used a microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus on days 7 and 14 after irradiation with a microwave at 30mW/cm2. Clin Neurophysiol. Electromagn Biol Med. Dasdag et al. [37] exposed male Wistar rats (1012weeks old) to a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) (900/1800MHz) mobile phone that was in vibrating mode (i.e., no ring tone). The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. Xu et al. 2012;21:6209. 2000;11:16413. Int J Occup Environ Health. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. 2013;89:11007. Technol Cancer Res Treat. Suhhova et al. Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. [61] found that after pregnant rats were irradiated with 9.417GHz microwaves, the behavior of their offspring differed, and the outcome was sex-dependent. Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. 2010;473:525. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. 1984;11:4760. Article Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. radiations. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. J Natl Cancer Inst. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. Neurotoxicology. 2007;34:146779. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. Rev Environ Health. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. Ongwijitwat S, Wong-Riley MT. The results showed that at 6h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure, the groups in which the average power density was 10mW/cm2 or 50mW/cm2 displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory. Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. California Privacy Statement, [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. 2008;49:16370. [97] found that long-term exposure to 900MHz radiation decreased the level of rno-miR107and that the whole body (rms) SAR value was 0.0369W/kg, bridging the gap in the interaction between radio frequency radiation (FR) and miRNAs. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. 2002;5:18995. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? With the increasing number of applications that use microwave technology, its negative effects on the human body have attracted attention. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. 2007;27:6024. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. Bioelectromagnetics. 1994;10:13548. 2005;161:52635. Effect of a 915-MHz simulated mobile phone signal on cognitive function in man. A resting eyes-closed electroencephalogram was used to continuously record the results, which showed that there was an increase in the power of the , 1 and 2 frequency bands in the 0.303W/kg group and in the 2 frequency bands in the 0.003W/kg group. 2006;27:11926. A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. However, Li et al. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. Brain Res. Article [68] radiated Wistar rats with microwaves (30mW/cm2; SAR value, 14.1W/kg), and then detected the expression of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins and found that synaptophys in I and VAMP-2, which are synaptic fusion proteins, and synaptic vesicle proteins were abnormally expressed to different degrees. Cull-Candy SG, Leszkiewicz DN. 2006;165:63644. Gold PE. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. Neurobiol Learn Mem. Eastern J Med. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. Thus, Cosquer et al. After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. Cancer Res. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. Biomed Environ Sci. Part of JAMA. One reason for this difference may be that the water maze experiment is driven by aversion, whereas the arm maze experiment is driven by appetite. However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. Trends Neurosci. Mortazavi et al. This conclusion is consistent with the results of a previously reported study that showed that short-term exposure to microwave radiation can reduce reaction times and improve cognitive functions, attention and short-term memory capacity [28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. Spatial memory and learning performance and its relationship to protein synthesis of Swiss albino mice exposed to 10 GHz microwaves. 2003;11:346. Iran J Public Health. 1999;4:102. Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. The conclusions are shown in Table3. 2005;22:32931. 2012;31:6774. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. CAS Int J Radiat Biol. [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. Because a childs nervous system is growing and their head is more vulnerable to radiation energy, studies that have specifically addressed whether the nervous systems of children are more susceptible to electromagnetic radiation have been performed. The increase in M1 receptor gene expression along with the impairment of novel preferences in Wi-Fi-exposed animals may suggest a possible role of the cholinergic system in the detrimental effects of Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration [100]. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. PubMed Central [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. Neurosci Lett. Maternal exposure to Wi-Fi radio frequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring. Cookies policy. J Pharm Sci. Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system. Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. Google Scholar. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. 2017;52:23947. 2005;25:10190201. 2004;996:8996. [103] found that microwave radiation caused DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks in vivo in populations submitted to occupational exposure, and the incidence of micronuclei in lymphocytes was significantly increased. Sci Total Environ. Functional plasticity is affected in other ways, including the abnormal release and uptake of brain amino acids such as choline and monoamine neurotransmitters, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes and spikes in long-term potentiating (LTP) in the medial perforated pathway (MPP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) [27]. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. 1992;6:379. EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. Mol Cell Biol. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). Interphone study group. 2012;62:22336. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. Google Scholar. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. 2003;14:2436. Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. 2008;169:3845. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. Vorobyov et al. 2014:125. CAS Google Scholar. Regional changes in brain glucose metabolism reflect cognitive impairments in aged rats. as it have a harmful side. Int J Radiat Biol. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. 2003;140:147. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. 1990;39:13543. These conclusions are presented in Table2. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. 2010;3:4650. Bioelectromagnetics. Mack A, Georg T, Kreis P, Eickholt BJ. With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. Springer Nature. Most matter, including the human body, is largely . Google Scholar. 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N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. 1993;13:41322. Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. While microwave oven radiation doesn't cause cancer, it can cause painful burns if you're exposed to them. Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. Thurczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo L. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Tuulik V. Effect of low frequency modulated microwave exposure on human EEG: individual sensitivity. frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz. Modulation of HSP response in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to microwaves of a mobile phone. 2015;28:1324. Wang et al. Neurol Sci. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. The effects are usually . CAS 2015;91:42634. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. 2006;98:170713. 2014;12:75. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. Othman et al. 2008;86:718. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. 2013;34:26474. 2009;4:e4389. Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Mailankot M. Spatial memory perfomance of wistar rats exposed to mobile phone. Cordless phone in power levels very high and microwave frequency level also high. J Sleep Res. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells.