What kinds of information does a flawed scientist use when thinking about the behavior of others? /Subtype /TrueType In unserem Vergleich haben wir die unterschiedlichsten 70413 lego am Markt unter die Lupe genommen und die wichtigsten Eigenschaften, die Kostenstruktur und die Bewertungen der Kunden abgewogen. Here are 9 common cognitive shortcuts most people do to minimize the use of the brains we've been given. [37], The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. affects the amount of effort we invest searching for information to test hypothesis, Lifespan and Development Chapters 1-8 Midterm, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. if we can't find evidence that matches the hypothesis is false. >> Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[30]. For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. The hypothesis that perceivers usually rely on simple rules to make judgments and engage in careful, thoughtful processing only when necessary has been called the cognitive miser model of information processing (Fiske and Taylor, 1984). /Font << >> System 2 may also have no clue to the error. /Type /Pages 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Author (Fiske) 0 0 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 20 . PSYC 137 Chapter 1-6 - Summary Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture - PSYC 137 Chapter 1: Point: - StuDocu Chapters 1-6 psyc 137 chapter notes chapter introduction main point: nave psychology and cognitive psychology are themes in social cognition research. /StructTreeRoot 3 0 R How did the experimenters increase inter-group hostility between the two groups of boys? In this chapter, we present the multiple knowing processes evolved to enable the tactical flexibility to pursue diverse goals.. -Obedience: submission to authority >> schemas create theories about how features go together and why, helps determine category membership, expertise affects the way we classify objects, classifying things according to how similar they are to the typical case, example of representativeness heuristic in medicine, the medicine should look like the disease eat bats for blindness, failure to recognize the the co-occurrence of two outcomes cannot be greater than the probability of each outcome alone, making judgments about the frequency or likelihood of an event based on the ease with which evidence or examples come to mind, tendency to assume that one has contributed more than their fair share to joint endeavors, spouses and house work In par-ticular, this need . << /Subtype /Type1 [37] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. /F1 21 0 R According to Walter Lippmann's arguments in his classic book Public Opinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. << /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Slide /Part Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. -Diffusion of responsibility: reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others. x[[Ggc%adp 3 t_hbdK _TwUt5vQ_Nw.{1_.;?nEM]0{?;a}|o/91m~?=>6Gc;xv;{x^(]G!=ig/ho#1na{quo|8Lg?b79?=|xCd]%ZtnrYHo/cauo~qeiL&'?Yv:woa =)Cnf;ZyK|HJ!C|XzfNbpyf`|*F What is the "door-in-the-face" technique? In addition to streamlining cognition in complicated, analytical tasks, the cognitive miser approach is also used when dealing with unfamiliar issues and issues of great importance. -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy. /ExtGState << /F6 26 0 R ]"&4v Essentially, they ask themselves this: "Based on what I know about the candidate personally, what is the probability that this presidential candidate was a good governor? /Group << /Group << endobj /CS /DeviceRGB [2][20], Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. What percentage of participants administered at least some shocks? 111 0 R 112 0 R 113 0 R] 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] they will move along the continuum and take a attribute based approach, so we /Worksheet /Part /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Resources << 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] AVERSIVE -"I told the other participant I liked the task and I got pad only one dollar to do so, so I must've actually liked it". Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". How do dissonance reduction and self-justification affect prejudice and discrimination? /Annots [34 0 R] . endobj /FontDescriptor 363 0 R In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solveproblems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. << /GS8 28 0 R endobj Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. -Becoming less pervasive >> . /Font << /Contents [29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R] if we can find evidence that matches hypothesis is true The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. /BaseFont /Times-Roman -Pluralistic ignorance: error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. [29][30] The less expertise citizens have on an issue initially, the more likely they will rely on these shortcuts. 22 0 obj Heuristics are one way that we save resources. /Keywords (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture;Fiske;2nd Edition;Test Bank) /StructParents 11 Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and ArieW.Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivatedtactician. 21 0 obj Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. /S /Transparency Who is Kurt Lewin & what is "Action Research? 6 [194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 203 0 R A schema is a cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information. /Resources << /S /Part endobj >> /F1 21 0 R /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding The cognitive miser and focal bias . Voters use small amounts of personal information to construct a narrative about candidates. /CS /DeviceRGB /Textbox /Sect certain conditions. Change occurs via exposure to schema-inconsistent evidence: book-keeping: change is gradual, as evidence accumulates, conversion: change is sudden, after critical mass of evidence, sub-typing: sub-categories to accommodate evidence, Cognitive shortcuts that provide adequately accurate inferences formost of us, most of the time. /F4 24 0 R The "motivated tactician" model is best described by which of the following? ->Inuit: low food accumulating, took risks, less conformity Identify three specific concepts that support the logic of each philosophical anthropology (you should be discussing a total of 9 supporting concepts). 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 0 500 0 Olivier . What is an attribution? /F5 25 0 R based on similarity. /Parent 2 0 R /F4 24 0 R [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Social Psychology: Bringing It All Together, Summative (additive model): the valence of all traits are summed, Averaging: the valence of all traits are averaged, Weighted averaging: the valence of all traits are first weighted (based on the importance of the variable within the context) and then averaged regarded as the, People may sense the world similarly, but perceive it differently. << The Nave Scientist Attribution theory Making Attributions Attributional Biases The Cognitive Miser Heuristics The Motivated Tactician Social Categorization Basic Principles Why Do We Categorize? /F1 21 0 R /GS7 27 0 R A pragmatic social cognitive psychology covers a lot of territory, mostly in personality and social psychology but also in clinical, counseling, and school psychologies. objects can be similar or dissimilar on an infinite number of dimensions. 16 0 obj What are some real world consequences of attributions? << /Type /Page >> /Group << /Font << >> -O6'3:gLM./HP7f_Pm.Td]o>/pv/%]*+x/v]s&huL?tF&|A{>[#ncBq7_ \* gUF g53sV{jwL~*Q?L"\Nc7S;Jv_TO#,$=wa)3bpmn0`n^m9s;'g0lOwPO qu?tv,. -Social comparison: idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people endobj /Contents 39 0 R CallUrl('www>macmillanihe>com> >> -Examples: sports events. But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. providing prescriptive norms for understanding ourselves in relations to Thus, people usually do not think rationally, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments and only engage in careful, thoughtful processing when necessary. What are In-groups and Out-groups? /S /Transparency -Emotion: Americans rated the central figure without basing it off of those around it, Japanese was opposite. Which is viewed as more homogeneous? /F4 24 0 R The instances of weeping in the book of Jeremiah are so vivid that Jeremiah is known as "the weeping prophet," but God weeps more frequently in the book. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /ParentTree 19 0 R /Font << << [39] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs. The nave scientist and attribution theory; Heuristics; The cognitive miser theory; Implications; Updates and later research; References; The term >> De Neys . we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations, individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way, strives to simplify cognitive process specifically under time pressure, many strategies depending on the situation important -> naive scientist, a class of objects that we believe belong together, schema can be defined by list of necessary and sufficient attributes, hard to specify defining features/members vary a great deal in their typically/ some cases are unclear, categories are organized around attibutes that are only characteristic of the category; they don't define it, prototype view- representation is abstracted list of most characteristic feature The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristic s and attributional bias es to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. 12 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /F2 22 0 R How does the presence of others affect a task that is difficult/not well practiced? What is the Fundamental Attribution Error? /Type /Group <> /Subject (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test BankInstant Download) The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributionalbiases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R /Contents 40 0 R /LastChar 32 Gordon Pennycook . /S /Transparency Essentially, they ask themselves this: "Based on what I know about the candidate personally, what is the probability that this presidential candidate was a good governor? 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R] [2] In other words, humans are more inclined to act as cognitive misers using mental short cuts to make assessments and decisions, about issues and ideas about which they know very little as well as issues of great salience. 2 0 obj<>stream stream /Resources << "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes. What kinds of errors occur when we don't process all relevant information? Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. 0 333 0 667 556 833 667 722 0 0 /Subtype /Type0 [9][pageneeded] In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. Three lines of research within the Cognitive Miser. 473480 . It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Cognitive miser". /CS /DeviceRGB Under what conditions are people most likely to help? /Tabs /S 18 . 5,000 & 8,000 \\ >> The brain in your pocket: evidence that smartphones are used to supplant thinking . 23417270. free . What kinds of reasoning errors occur when the observer doesn't have enough information? /StructParents 1 It spans a topic. /BaseFont /Times-Bold Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. What is the probability that he will be a good president?" /StructParents 6 -Foot in the door: have someone respond positively to a small request, then to a large one 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 >> /Length 2864 If there were many suppliers of diamonds, what would be the price and quantity? >> doctor, waitress, lecturer), Social group schemas/stereotypes: knowledge structures aboutsocial groups (e.g. << [2], People are limited in their capacity to process information, so they take shortcuts whenever they can. Cookie policy. >> In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of people to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and more effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. Narcissism Individual differences variable character ized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. What are its real world consequences? Rather than using an in-depth understanding of scientific topics, people make decisions based on other shortcuts or heuristics such as ideological predistortions or cues from mass media, and therefore use only as much information as necessary. /FontDescriptor 365 0 R What is obedience? >> That's it. Suppose that the marginal cost of mining diamonds is constant at $1,000 per diamond, and the demand for diamonds is described by the following schedule: PriceQuantity$8,0005,000diamonds7,0006,0006,0007,0005,0008,0004,0009,0003,00010,0002,00011,0001,00012,000\begin{array}{rl} /Count 13 What two factors explain the bystander effect: What is pluralistic ignorance? << << /Parent 2 0 R What is the dual process model of persuasion? The motivated tactician approach The cognitive miser approach The nave scientist approach None of the above. /Group << endobj Consistency seeker: motivated by perceived discrepancies among their cognitions. Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices.[38]. *P?9-(A4wP"gr=I @OkZR+tfOBT$!/47(}X0N>q*0@pa 6G$B3WG$ucj?d7tN%1LiWmqw orY;M#a~)vTiU o2"yHaUr@JiilHcGo'5"I;Y?D-'y~ (b) Estimate the time at which the ball is at its highest point and estimate the height of the ball at that time. [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. /F3 23 0 R Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and Arie W. Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivated tactician. /CS /DeviceRGB as a representative of a group or an individual separate from any category [28] [29] The less expertise citizens have on an issue initially, the more likely they will rely on these shortcuts. /Tabs /S endobj /GS7 27 0 R Fiske and Taylor argue that acting as cognitive misers is rational due to the sheer volume and intensity of information and stimuli humans intake. What are its consequences? [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. She chooses to stop deliberation and act /Type /Group what other things is equivalent to and what other things are different from (, -Categories Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is Copyright 2009-2022, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. [25] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. Naive scientist b. A large share of the world supply of diamonds comes from Russia and South Africa. [clarificationneeded] Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. ->Collectivist cultures show more conformity, Psych Guide #10 - Health / Stress and Abnorma, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. The Cognitive miser model is a view of information processing that assumes the human mind is rather limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. Passions, on the other hand, connote impulse and emotion, femininity and heat. /Name /F3 >> /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] miser 2) cognitive load = heuristics don't require much thought, can be made on 'availability' eg. On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. << >> /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Tabs /S 28 0 obj How does the brain respond to social rejection? others. /F3 23 0 R 6 0 obj Rationality and the reflective mind . as. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 [5][page needed] CallUrl('en>wikipedia>orgpaying an increase of the original price for extras What are the major forms of household income? /Tabs /S 18 0 obj Houd . How do we use positive test strategy to test hypotheses? /GS7 27 0 R -Exploit the minority to gain your own resources /BM /Normal The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype.