Methadone clinicshelp people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone. Social programs like Medicare: a - offer health coverage for the older adults 24. EVERYDAY CONNECTION: Solutions to Support Healthy Sleep, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Loss of appetite. If someone stays awake for 48 consecutive hours, they could start to hallucinate. In addition, the appearance of K-complexes is often associated with stage 2 sleep. d. both b and c. 2. Sleepwalking most often occurs during slow-wave sleep, but it can occur at any time during a sleep period in some affected individuals (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Infants should not have caps placed on their heads when put down to sleep in order to prevent overheating, and people in the childs household should abstain from smoking in the home. The heart rate slows . In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012). There is a tremendous amount of variability among sufferers, both in terms of how symptoms of narcolepsy manifest and the effectiveness of currently available treatment options. Thus, K-complexes might serve as a bridge to higher levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environments (Halsz, 1993; Steriade & Amzica, 1998). Avoid anything stimulating for an hour before bed. As you will learn when you study social roles, peoples behavior can be shaped by their expectations of how they should act in a given situation. At rather low doses, alcohol use is associated with feelings of euphoria. Methamphetamine addiction produces an intense craving that is difficult to treat. Add a comment. Unlike the other sleep disorders described in this section, a person withnarcolepsycannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times. A person withrestless leg syndromehas uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep. typically follow the example of their parents more than their friends.
Peritonitis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic Recent research (Horikawa, Tamaki, Miyawaki, & Kamitani, 2013) has uncovered new techniques by which researchers may effectively detect and classify the visual images that occur during dreaming by using fMRI for neural measurement of brain activity patterns, opening the way for additional research in this area. For example, she and her colleagues published a study in which women going through divorce were asked several times over a five-month period to report the degree to which their former spouses were on their minds. Signs of inflammation help healthcare providers in making a diagnosis. By analyzing dreams, Freud thought people could increase self-awareness and gain valuable insight to help them deal with the problems they faced in their lives. People vary in terms of their ability to be hypnotized, but a review of available research suggests that most people are at least moderately hypnotizable (Kihlstrom, 2013). This section will consider these questions and explore various explanations for why we sleep. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90 . They were ALL my fault. To prevent withdrawal, many people turned to cheaper heroin, which could be bought for $5 a dose or less. These same women were awakened during REM sleep in order to provide a detailed account of their dream content. Unfortunately, this is not the case; however, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the function of sleep. Several of the nurses interviewed commented that their work schedules affected their relationships with their family. Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? that would be one of the problems that Ive encountered. Depending on the population and sleep disorder being studied, between 30% and 50% of the population suffers from a sleep disorder at some point in their lives (Bixler, Kales, Soldatos, Kaels, & Healey, 1979; Hossain & Shapiro, 2002; Ohayon, 1997, 2002; Ohayon & Roth, 2002). Many of these processes, like much of psychological behavior, are rooted in our biology. Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). Lucid dreamsare dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state. They can be helpful for people working night shifts or for people affected by seasonal variations in light.
PSY-352 Health Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet People who suffer from insomnia might limit their use of stimulant drugs (such as caffeine) or increase their amount of physical exercise during the day. While awake, we feel alert and aware of the many important things going on around us. Indeed, we know sleep deprivation results in disruptions in cognition and memory deficits (Brown, 2012), leading to impairments in our abilities to maintain attention, make decisions, and recall long-term memories. These initiatives include increasing access to treatment and recovery services, increasing access to overdose-reversal drugs like Naloxone, and implementing better public health monitoring systems (NIDA, 2019). Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. However, all of their somnambulistic patients who also suffered from sleep-related breathing problems showed a marked decrease in sleepwalking when their breathing problems were effectively treated. Nicotine is highly addictive, and the use of tobacco products is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and a variety of cancers. According to the dissociation view, hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like our earlier example where you may drive to work, but you are only minimally aware of the process of driving because your attention is focused elsewhere. Historically, heroin has been a major opioid drug of abuse (Figure 4.17). Once she was able to limit her use to less than 12 ounces of soda a day, both her mental and physical health gradually improved. Central sleep apnea is caused by a failure of the brain to activate the muscles of breathing during sleep. Upon admission to an outpatient clinic for treatment of mood disorders, she met all of the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence and was advised to dramatically limit her caffeine intake. While there are variations, there are four parts that appear consistent in bringing people into the state of suggestibility associated with hypnosis (National Research Council, 1994). Opioid addiction reached crisis levels in the United States such that by 2019, an average of 130 people diedeach dayof an opioid overdose (NIDA, 2019). These sleep episodes are often associated withcataplexy, which is a lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles. There may be many factors that contribute to insomnia, including age, drug use, exercise, mental status, and bedtime routines. How does hypnosis work? Given that withdrawal from a drug often involves an experience opposite to the effect of the drug, it should be no surprise that opioid withdrawal resembles a severe case of the flu. One way that this happens involves traveling across multiple time zones. That includes exercise and bright light from devices. Users experience increased energy, feelings of pleasure, and emotional warmth. The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. Think meditation might help? As a result, many of us sleep less than 78 hours a night and accrue a sleep debt. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been demonstrated to be quite effective in treating insomnia (Savard, Simard, Ivers, & Morin, 2005; Williams, Roth, Vatthauer, & McCrae, 2013). Historically, hypnosis has been viewed with some suspicion because of its portrayal in popular media and entertainment (Figure 4.20). Drug withdrawal is usually an aversive experience, and it can be a life-threatening process in individuals who have a long history of very high doses of alcohol and/or barbiturates. There may also be differences in both brain structure and function in infants that die from SIDS (Berkowitz, 2012; Mage & Donner, 2006; Thach, 2005). Often, we are not completely aware of our surroundings, even when we are fully awake. These include daydreaming, intoxication, and unconsciousness due to anesthesia. However, for some, its not because of all-night partying or late-night study sessions. Alertness is associated with higher body temperatures, and sleepiness with lower body temperatures. B) the cause of the problem. These drugs promote increased levels of neural activity. One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. Acontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)device includes a mask that fits over the sleepers nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the persons airways, forcing them to remain open, as shown inFigure 4.13. Stimulant users seek aeuphoric high, feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking. The first three stages of sleep are NREM sleep, while the fourth and final stage of sleep is REM sleep. Many of these drugs act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system. Some of these areas include the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pons. While amphetamines are often abused, they are also commonly prescribed to children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). For example, the National Institutes of Drug Abuse has sponsored research that suggests the misuse and abuse of the prescription pain killers hydrocodone and oxycodone are significant public health concerns (Maxwell, 2006). The 20th century Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious. Vaping uses battery-powered devices, sometimes called e-cigarettes, that deliver liquid nicotine and flavorings as a vapor. This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years.
PSY-352 Topic 2 Quiz 1 Online - GetMyAnswers.com His children and his wifes parents all agreed that Falater had an excellent relationship with his wife and they couldnt think of a reason that would provide any sort of motive to murder her (Cartwright, 2004). A hypnogram is a diagram of the stages of sleep as they occur during a period of sleep. I was really sleepy and having trouble concentrating.
Quiz 1.docx - PSY-352 Health Psychology Quiz 1 Complete the following The substantial amount of research on SIDS has led to a number of recommendations to parents to protect their children (Figure 4.14). Our experiences change dramatically while we are in deep sleep and once again when we are dreaming. Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. Bloating or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen. 22. The sleep and dreaming researcher Rosalind Cartwright, however, believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer. High doses increase agitation, paranoia, can cause hallucinations. These brain areas include the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. While many users snort cocaine, intravenous injection and inhalation (smoking) are also common. Ahallucinogenis one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences (Figure 4.18). Research indicates that meditation may help reduce blood pressure, and the American Heart Association suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, although there is not sufficient data for a recommendation to be made (Brook et al., 2013). For example, people who undergo chemotherapy will often be prescribed marijuana to stimulate their appetites and prevent excessive weight loss resulting from the side effects of chemotherapy treatment. Cognitive-behavioral therapyis a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors.
Chapter 5: Indoor Air Pollutants and Toxic Materials Early attempts to treat her condition with a stimulant drug alone were unsuccessful. Thus, opioid drugs, which mimic this endogenous painkilling mechanism, have an extremely high potential for abuse. Methamphetamine in its smokable form, often called crystal meth due to its resemblance to rock crystal formations, is highly addictive. These drugs share in common their ability to serve as agonists of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system.
Shock: Signs, Causes, and Types - Healthline Some circadian rhythms play a role in changes in our state of consciousness. High doses of MDMA can cause brain toxicity and death. Interestingly, since the advent of electric light, the amount of sleep that people get has declined. Jet lag is a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. We spend approximately one-third of our lives sleeping. b. absence of signs of malfunctioning. This pattern of brain wave activity resembles that of someone who is very relaxed, yet awake. It is typically consumed in pill form. Abnormal Motor Behavior. Sleep is also associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including: melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. Aches and pains, such as severe headache and muscle and joint pain. Like many other stimulants, cocaine agonizes the dopamine neurotransmitter system by blocking the reuptake of dopamine in the neuronal synapse. There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. While opioid withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, it is not life-threatening (Julien, 2005). c. are influenced by peer pressure, often leading to unhealthful or unsafe behaviors. Narcolepsy is associated with reduced levels of the signaling molecule hypocretin in some areas of the brain (De la Herrn-Arita & Drucker-Coln, 2012; Han, 2012), and the traditional stimulant drugs do not have direct effects on this system. 3. Homeostasisis the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system. This theory is supported by Ernest Hilgards research into hypnosis and pain. For instance, the concentration of various ions in your blood must be kept steady, along with pH and the concentration of glucose. For one, research suggests that infants should be placed on their backs when put down to sleep, and their cribs should not contain any items which pose suffocation threats, such as blankets, pillows or padded crib bumpers (cushions that cover the bars of a crib).
Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. Just as bears hibernate in the winter when resources are scarce, perhaps people sleep at night to reduce their energy expenditures. Some forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help sufferers of insomnia. Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. Sleep can be divided into two different general phases: REM sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. Anopioidis one of a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine. Hypnosis has also been used to draw out information believed to be buried deeply in someones memory. . Among a variety of neurobiological evidence, John Hobson cites research on lucid dreams as an opportunity to better understand dreaming in general.
Test 3 (Chapter 8) Flashcards | Quizlet Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Symptoms) | Center for the Treatment Our sleep-wake cycle, which is linked to our environments natural light-dark cycle, is perhaps the most obvious example of a circadian rhythm, but we also have daily fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body temperature. While the possession and use of marijuana remain illegal in many states, it is now legal to possess limited quantities of marijuana for recreational use in eleven states: Alaska, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. Given the central role that sleep plays in our lives and the number of adverse consequences that have been associated with sleep deprivation, one would think that we would have a clear understanding of why it is that we sleep.
PSY 352 Health Psy Quiz 1 - PSY-352 Health Psychology Quiz 1 - StuDocu Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. (credit sleeping: modification of work by Ryan Vaarsi). Thepineal gland, an endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin, is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune system during sleep (Hardeland, Pandi-Perumal, & Cardinali, 2006). Rotating shift work has pervasive effects on the lives and experiences of individuals engaged in that kind of work, which is clearly illustrated in stories reported in a qualitative study that researched the experiences of middle-aged nurses who worked rotating shifts (West, Boughton & Byrnes, 2009). A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? Beyond being awake or asleep, there are many other states of consciousness people experience. Acute alcohol administration results in a variety of changes to consciousness. Pain relief, euphoria, sleepiness. Users can experience physical symptoms that include nausea, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. Parasomnias can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep. This pattern of temperature fluctuation, which repeats every day, is one example of a circadian rhythm. Fever. The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Consciousnessdescribes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. Sleep-wake cycles seem to be controlled by multiple brain areas acting in conjunction with one another. In her case, the fact that her cataplexy was confined to the right side of her body was quite unusual. The woman used caffeine in the past to boost her mood and to provide energy, but over the course of several years, she increased her caffeine consumption to the point that she was consuming three liters of soda each day. A neighbor called the police after witnessing Falater standing over his wifes body before dragging her into the pool. In 2015, the National Sleep Foundation updated their sleep duration hours, to better accommodate individual differences. a - a mole that looks cancerous. (credit: modification of work by Mikael Hggstrm).
What Is Inflammation? Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Another evolutionary hypothesis of sleep holds that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which increase in darkness. A person with asleep debtdoes not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis. They named each of the three states: "Close," when a male is closer than average to a female and approaching her slowly; "Chasing," when he is approaching quickly; and "Whatever," when he is facing away from her and moving slowly. While there is tremendous variation in any given individuals sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 79 hours by the time we are adults. For instance, have you ever daydreamed while driving home from work or school without really thinking about the drive itself? . The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. Thecollective unconscious, as described byJung, is a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone. After dinner, he prepared some materials to use in leading a church youth group the following morning, and then he attempted to repair the familys swimming pool pump before retiring to bed. In fact, this relationship is so robust that some view the presence of RBD as a potential aid in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of neurodegenerative diseases (Ferini-Strambi, 2011). High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression. Generally, narcolepsy is treated using psychomotor stimulant drugs, such as amphetamines (Mignot, 2012). The smokable form reaches the brain very quickly to produce an intense euphoria that dissipates almost as fast as it arrives, prompting users to continuing taking the drug. Restless leg syndrome is quite common and has been associated with a number of other medical diagnoses, such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Sleep regulationrefers to the brains control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world. Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD. In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. Drugs in this category include cocaine, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeine. Taking a different approach to explain hypnosis, the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis sees people in hypnotic states as performing the social role of a hypnotized person. While we all experience altered states of consciousness in the form of sleep on a regular basis, some people use drugs and other substances that result in altered states of consciousness as well. Jet lagis a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. The freebase version of cocaine, known as crack, is a potent, smokable version of the drug. Alcohol, barbiturates (e.g., secobarbital, pentobarbital), Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax). While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. Cocaine can be taken in multiple ways. As mentioned earlier, REM sleep is marked by rapid movements of the eyes. A womans menstrual cycle is an example of a biological rhythma recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. Night terrors apparently occur during the NREM phase of sleep (Provini, Tinuper, Bisulli, & Lagaresi, 2011). Humans have an endogenous opioid neurotransmitter systemthe body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria. Psychological dependence, or drug craving, is a recent addition to the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in DSM-5. In the therapeutic setting, a clinician may use relaxation and suggestion in an attempt to alter the thoughts and perceptions of a patient. There are two types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. Stage 1 sleepis a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep. While hypnosis may be useful in enhancing memory or a skill, such enhancements are very modest in nature (Raz, 2011). Still, people experiencing opioid withdrawal may be given methadone to make withdrawal from the drug less difficult. In the brain, the hypothalamus, which lies above the pituitary gland, is a main center of homeostasis. Generally, people use caffeine to maintain increased levels of alertness and arousal. 1. Medical marijuana is marijuana that is prescribed by a doctor for the treatment of a health condition. Normal brain functioning is altered after repeated use of these drugs. As part of treatment, the sleeping environment is often modified to make it a safer place for those suffering from RBD (Zangini, Calandra-Buonaura, Grimaldi, & Cortelli, 2011). Sleep is not a uniform state of being. Surprisingly, narcoleptic episodes are often triggered by states of heightened arousal or stress. In the central nervous system, it plays a role in arousal and reward mechanisms. Sleepwalking, restless leg syndrome, and night terrors are all examples of parasomnias (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). As the dose increases, people report feeling sedated. Whilecaffeineis generally considered a relatively safe drug, high blood levels of caffeine can result in insomnia, agitation, muscle twitching, nausea, irregular heartbeat, and even death (Reissig, Strain, & Griffiths, 2009; Wolt, Ganetsky, & Babu, 2012). People who suffer from this disorder can injure themselves or their sleeping partners when engaging in these behaviors. Other depressants include barbiturates and benzodiazepines. During periods of sleepwalking, sleepers often have their eyes open, but they are not responsive to attempts to communicate with them. In some cases, though, there may be no symptoms of inflammation at all. While it is probably the most commonly used drug in the world, the potency of this particular drug pales in comparison to the other stimulant drugs described in this section. Codeineis an opioid with relatively low potency. Heroin can be snorted, smoked, or injected intravenously.
Module 4: Mood Disorders - Washington State University Question 2 1 / 1 pts Ling Fan finds that she has a difficult time tolerating alcohol and prefers to not even have small amounts , as she often becomes flushed , warm , and nauseous .Most likely , Ling Fan , like many other women and those of Asian descent , lacks the enzyme called alcohol _ _ _____. During this time, an individuals heart rate and respiration slow dramatically. Despite recent changes in laws designed to make obtaining pseudoephedrine more difficult, methamphetamine continues to be an easily accessible and relatively inexpensive drug option (Shukla, Crump, & Chrisco, 2012).