However, the date of retrieval is often important. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. It broke out in 1794, and was at full height in 1796, among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Within China, dissent grew, and the empire began to crumble from within. Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. Dimitri Vegas, Steve Aoki The White Lotus Theme (Aloha!) Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. On assuming effective power in 1799, however, Emperor Chia Ch'ing (reigned 17961820) overthrew the Ho-shen clique and gave support to the efforts of the more vigorous Manchu commanders as a way of restoring discipline and morale. Inventions (2020, August 27). [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. Some of these militia groups were further trained as attack armies to seek out the rebels, whose forces were thinned by offers of amnesty to the rank and file and of rewards for the capture of the leaders. This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. By that time, however, the regular government forces were too ridden with corruption to be of any use. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. in, Gaustad, Blaine C. "Prophets and pretenders: inter-sect competition in Qianlong China. As one Qing official complained:[9]. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Corrections? The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. Southern Shensi, with its great amounts of vacant land, attracted immigrants on a large scale after severe famines and crop failures had occurred in Hupeh and Szechwan provinces in the 1770s. ." Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under Mongol rule. Ch'ien-lung (1711-1799) was the fourth emperor of the Ch'ing, or Manchu, dynasty in China. Omissions? The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hngjn Qy) was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty of China, eventually leading to its overthrowing. Nothing is known of his end. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). List of battleships of the United States Navy, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.scribd.com/doc/37359117/Bodycount-Final, http://books.google.com/books?id=Md801mHEeOkC&pg=PA9, History of Chinese Culture on History.com. A similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China as tax protests. 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. [9], Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. Updates? [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. What brought about the collapse of this once-mighty empire, ushering in the modern era in China? The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the deeply forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless "floating" people (liumin ) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. [2][3], The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. . Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. Beginning as enslavement protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many citizens. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). Szczepanski, Kallie. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. Kublai Khan (1215-1294) was the greatest of the Mongol emperors after Genghis Khan and founder of the Yan dynasty in China., Tibet Others began to openly call for the overthrow of the existing regime and replace it with a constitutional rule. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Contents 1 Daze Village Uprising 2 Rebellion of the Seven States 3 Llin 4 Chimei 5 Yellow Turban Rebellion 6 Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion 7 An Shi Rebellion 8 Red Turban Rebellion 9 Li Zicheng's Rebellion 10 Revolt of the Three Feudatories Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. What anecdote, or short personal story, does Didion tell at the beginning of the essay "Georgia O'Keeffe"? A pattern emerged of growing rice in the valley bottoms, corn on the lower mountain slopes, and Irish potatoes on the higher land. (February 22, 2023). A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. 12 talking about this. Update now. The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. In the period after about 1680 the introduction of corn (maize) and sweet potatoes, followed in the 18th century by the introduction of the Irish potato, made upland farming possible. This rebellion was less successful than that of the Red Turbans, and the Qing government succeeded in crushing this uprising. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. Talking about Yuan's decline and fall, you should learn something about White Lotus Society. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX Chien-lung The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol -led Yuan dynasty. Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. [citation needed]. ", Dai, Yingcong. There the foreign powers essentially controlled trade and the military, although technically they remained part of Qing China. By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. Updates? - systematic program of pacification followed, Causes and effects of internal challenges; Wh, taiping (Taip'ing) rebellion: reasons for the, taping rebellionconsequences for Chinese soc, tongzhi restoration and self-strengthening mo, collectivisation (maintenance of power, stali, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"uAtwiiQKDz3pej8tikjjXf8qtftBywxw48FuRjxp2JM-86400-0"}; This page was last updated at 2022-12-21 05:40 UTC. Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[6]. This Liu Chi-hieh set up a youth named Wang Fa-sheng, whom he represented to be a member of the Chu family and a descendant of the Ming emperors, as the rightful sovereign of the people. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. Eventually, the Qing armies and the peasants united, but they were unable to defeat the foreign powers. They are not like some external tribe . White Lotus Rebellion, (17961804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (16441911/12). It was an organized religion, which was once popular in Yuan Dynasty. [6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. Local disaffection broke out in the so-called White Lotus Rebellion of 1796-1804, which was centerd in the Szechwan- Shensi- Hupeh- Honan border regions. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas found in the scriptures with orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644). The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. Not until the Qianlong emperor died in 1799 was Heshen removed and the war really prosecuted. Because of the brutality of the Qing troops, however, the troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. [4], Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. ", McCaffrey, Cecily. The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. [10], The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. These three Atlantic RevolutionsAmerican, French, and Haitianwere part of a broader world crisis at the end of the eighteenth century. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. Grandmother. A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but China's millennia-long imperial period. Kublai Khan With its weaknesses exposed, China began to lose power over its peripheral regions. [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. Sun Yat-Sen emerged as China's first "professional" revolutionary, having gained an international reputation by being abducted by Qing agents in the Chinese Embassy in London in 1896. France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. His rule covered a span of 63 years, a reign lo, Kublai Khan ." The dynasty had to resort to a strategy of removing all food supplies from the countryside and collecting the peasants into a series of armed stockades. In 1896, Yan Fu translated Herbert Spencer's treatises on social Darwinism. //