The difference between the One and Twenty Dollar conditions reaches the .08 level of significance on a two-tailed test (t = 1.79). 0 The girl, after this listened quietly, accepting and agreeing to everything the S told her. Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. 3. How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin? The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). Solomon Asch, a social psychologist conducted a series of experiments called Asch conformity to study how the behavior of a certain group influence the behav Normative conformity is most commonly referred to as peer pressure, and is prevalent in our present society. Leon Festinger's 1957 cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we act to reduce the disharmony, or dissonance, of our conflicting feelings. Instead the opposite happened. Hence, the alternative explanation discussed above cannot account for the findings. Leon Festinger and his colleague James That is, in the One Dollar condition they may have rehearsed it more mentally, thought up more ways of saying it, may have said it more convincingly, and so on. Cite details from the essay that support your response. /Resources 50 0 R So they did not have to change their true attitudes. Invulnerability, where members of a group feel they can do no wrong, is a characteristic of, Gene keeps Roger's cat while Roger is out of town. This question is less directly related to the dissonance that was experimentally created for the Ss. ]B|07oS8x 7\>Hu0Y(ax/oFpr9&wcN/lLvxva 0]pr8g7o>:kIR,7V_ so4;OO8{B9D W}evewdJ|zCjmgO41b:f~fH4RZHn%j0d&@0yuV;Yhr.a3{Zolv8=e":1'>TwO_3[p]%zX{H[g*uW?:4?= Subjects in both groups typically agreed to tell the next subject that the experiment was interesting. We tend to _____ attractive people more than we do less attractive people. We'll bring you back here when you are done. Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. Twenty Dollar condition. The findings of the classic Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) experiment indicate that: ", 3. Prejudice is to ____ as discrimination is to _______. c5; Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) Flashcards | Quizlet Festinger explained it this way in A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957): The existence of dissonance, being psychologically uncomfortable, will motivate the person to try to reduce the dissonance and achieve consonance. Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. They choose among the available experiments by signing their names on a sheet posted on the bulletin board which states the nature of the experiment. In conclusion, people, when persuaded to lie without being given enough justification, will perform a task by convincing themselves of the falsehood, rather than telling a lie. B. This is most like which of the following techniques? $K{.-hC ;{l8S The participants were asked to carry out series of monotonous tasks that were meant to be boring and nonsensical. 2. They had not enjoyed the experiment, but now they were asked to lie and say they had enjoyed it. 1959. 0000000015 00000 n Once a situation has been defined as an emergency, the next step in the decision-making process is_______. Therefore the person's attitude changes. He introduced the girl and the S to one another saying that the S had just finished the experiment and would tell her something about it. Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959), in which participants were paid either a large or small sum of money to tell an innocent stranger that the boring, tedious task you had just completed was really enjoyable and very interesting. 52 0 obj Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude? Underline the correct form of the modifier in parentheses in each sentence. Three Ss (one in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) refused to take the money and refused to be hired. On the other hand, people paid only $1 were more likely to say, when asked later, that the experiment was "not bad" or that it was "interesting.". Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. We will have more to say concerning this explanation in discussing the results of our experiment. Some have already been discussed. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. When one person meets another person for the first time, ________ occurs. The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with " Meas-ures of Performance." During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that the psychology department was conducting. If you need instructions for turning off common ad-blocking programs, click here. We mentioned in the introduction that Janis and King (1954; 1956) in explaining their findings, proposed an explanation in terms of the self-convincing effect of mental rehearsal [p. 209] and thinking up new arguments by the person who had to improvise a speech. He also gives each taster a coupon worth $1 off his or her grocery bill. Which method of attitude formations is involved in this example? the majority would administer 450 volts as instructed. Christopher D. Green 0000000868 00000 n This is further explained in Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith's study in 1954. The Ss were given a very good reason, in addition to being paid, for saying what they did to the waiting girl. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE? These made them question what the real purpose of the study is. What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, which no anticipation of reward? In groupthink, members of the group______. Sarah found her soul mate, Jon, when she moved to a small town in Florida. "Look, Officer, I didn't see the stop sign back there because the sun was in my eyes" The police officer responds, "You were not paying attention." D. It was Nicole's first year of high school. Research has found that the view that opposites attract, According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion, and, Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of, Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. These are: 1. _________ has been linked to higher levels of aggression. bystander effect and diffusion of responsibly. Check out our quiz-page with tests about: Explorable.com (Nov 21, 2010). J. abnorm. Participants who agreed to do this were paid either $1 or $20. What Is Cognitive Dissonance? Definition and Examples - Simply Psychology In 1959, Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith published an influential study showing that cognitive dissonance can affect behavior in unexpected ways. FESTINGER, L. A theory of cognitive dissonance. 90 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<20DCF6A9F66A934D9B18D4D3D2546E7A><7EBEFA77420BBC4EB7D76A22531484C2>]/Index[80 30]/Info 79 0 R/Length 66/Prev 129900/Root 81 0 R/Size 110/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as___________. The said images can be a reference to physical reality or in comparison to other people. Would the subject say that the experiment as he had experienced it was actually likely to measure While the S was working on these tasks the E sat, with a stop watch in his hand, busily making notations on a sheet of paper. Now Lilly says that classic rock is her favorite music, too. When opposites attract it is said that they have_____ characteristics. The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of, If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, it is an example of the. Write to Dr. Dewey at psywww@gmail.com. conformed to the group answer about one-third of the time. 1 Procedure In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. "Cognitive consequences of forced compliance". From this point on they diverged somewhat. The______explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes. As long as people are not paid a lot of money or given some other obvious inducement to perform the behavior, they will convince themselves it is enjoyable. To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. What is the reason for the lack of action, according to Darley and Latane? If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. One way in which the dissonance can be reduced is for the person to change his private opinion so as to bring it into correspondence with what he has said. This is an example of, Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. The results are weakly in line with what one would expect if the dissonance were somewhat reduced in this manner. Let us review these briefly: 1. Is it simply the actions of an explicitly racist contingent? The students were asked to perform a tedious task involving using one hand to turn small spools a quarter clockwise turn. %%EOF /Parent 45 0 R $20 in the 1950s was equivalent to over $100 now. A bank loan officer thinks people who speak with an accent are lazy; consequently, he refuses to grant them loans. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. Toni sees a picture of the new international exchange student and notices that the student looks happy, so Toni automatically assumes that he is also friendly. The data from the other conditions may be viewed, in a sense, as changes from this baseline. The neurotransmitter that seems most involved in aggression is_________. & KING, B.T. A follow-up psychiatric exam found no signs of psychological problems after 1 year. In all the comparisons, the Control condition should be regarded as a baseline from which to evaluate the results in the other two conditions. All of the following are causes for groupthink EXCEPT. Marco is using an example of. The private opinions of the subjects concerning the experience were then determined. Every individual has his or her own way of evaluating their own selves and usually this is done by comparing themselves to others. Like Explorable? On the other hand, the ones who were paid $20, apparently had the money as their primary justification for carrying out their task. As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. % What is the term for the process of developing an opinion about another person? Psychology Chapter 12 Flashcards - Cram.com He was told again to use one band and to work at his own speed. Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. Retrieved Mar 04, 2023 from Explorable.com: https://explorable.com/cognitive-dissonance. Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance has been one . The driver was making a situational attribution; the officer was making a dispositional attribution. endobj In other words, a contradiction (dissonance) between attitude and behavior is uncomfortable, so it motivates a person to change behavior or attitudes (whichever is easier to change) to eliminate the contradiction. Classics in the History of Psychology -- Festinger & Carlsmith (1959) Behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy another person is referred to as. In the first experiment designed to test these theoretical ideas, Aronson and Mills (1959) had women undergo a severe or mild "initiation" to become a member of a group. Two derivations from this theory are tested here. Desire to Participate in a Similar Experiment. (Boulding, 1969) Festinger and Carlsmith - cognitive dissonance , Cognitive consequences of Forced Compliance. One would consequently expect to observe such opinion change after a person has been forced or induced to say something contrary to his private opinion. We will discuss each of the questions on the interview separately, because they were intended to measure different things. [1] The experiment reported here was done as part of a program of research supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation to the senior author. Typically the behavior is in the past, by the time the person feels dissonance, so the behavior cannot be changed. Based on experiments by Festinger and Carlsmith, the idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors. Festinger, L. (1957). Festinger and Carlsmith's study now began to treat the 71 subjects in different ways such as to investigate the cognitive consequences of induced compliance to see whether there would be any evidence of Cognitive Dissonance, where the student concerned was psychologically di-stressed between his actual views and the role he found himself taking This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. Let us then see what can be said about the total magnitude of dissonance in a person created by the knowledge that he said "not X" and really believes "X." Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson. As the E and the S started to walk to the office where the interviewer was, the E said: "Thanks very much for working on those tasks for us. They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as Forced compliance theory - Wikipedia 2018 12 5 1544039025 | Free Essay Examples | EssaySauce.com 109 0 obj <>stream Because of the desirability of investigating this possible alternative explanation, we recorded on a tape recorder the conversation between each S and the girl. Scott, W. A. The five ratings were: 1. Would the subject have any desire to participate in another similar experiment? Studies have found the degree of conformity to be greater in_______ cultures. The E then paid the S one dollar (twenty dollars), made out a hand-written receipt form, and asked the S to sign it. Which of the following is not an element of social identity theory? _____ is the attitude about members of a particular social group and _____ is the behavior that can result from that attitude. Chris is showing, Carol is told by a police officer to move her car, and she does so. The 71 subjects were informed that the experiment focuses on the "Measures of Performance." Cognitive dissonance theory is the theory that we act to reduce discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent (Myers 2007). If the results of our experiment are to be taken as strong corroboration of the theory of cognitive dissonance, this possible alternative explanation must be dealt with. /ID[<6F318BB6E8BA809AD9B6B9D834A90064><6F318BB6E8BA809AD9B6B9D834A90064>] In the One Dollar condition, since the magnitude of dissonance was high, the pressure to reduce this dissonance would also be high. The more you see someone, the more likely you are to _____ that person. The concept of aggression as a basic human instinct driving people to destructive acts was part of early_____theory. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. Instead the opposite happened. The influence of role-playing on opinion change. [p. 208] In the Twenty Dollar condition, where less dissonance was created experimentally because of the greater importance of the consonant relations, there is correspondingly less evidence of dissonance reduction. We would also like to acknowledge the help of Ruth Smith and Marilyn M. Miller. The most likely predictor of the development of prejudice and discrimination between two groups is the degree of _____ between the groups. Festinger and Carlsmith argued that subjects who were paid onJy $1.00 to lie to another person experienced "cognitive dissonance." According to Festinger (1957), people experience cognitive dissonance when they simultaneously hold two thoughts that are psychologically inconsistent (i.e., thoughts that feel contradictory or incompatible in some . In this case, the One Dollar group should be motivated to believe that the experiment was enjoyable. His task was to turn each peg a quarter turn clockwise, then another quarter turn, and so on. A person demanding for _______ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change. task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so The difference between the One Dollar condition and the Twenty Dollar condition (-.25) reaches only the .15 level of significance (t = 1.46). Kenneth Boulding, an economist and past president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, described a pattern that relates to cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. Group B was given introduction by an experimenter, presenting the tasks in an interesting and enjoyable tone. Which is (farther, farthest) away, the library of the park? In Sternberg's model, intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present in, The area of the brain that controls aggressive responses is the, Zimbardo's prison experiment lasted only five days because, of the extreme effect it was having on the participants, Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. correct. For an hour, you are required to perform dull tasks, such as turning wooden knobs again and again. In Festinger and Carlsmith's experiment, 11 of the 71 responses were considered invalid for a couple of reasons. repeatedly turning pegs in a peg board for an hour. xref Add to folder (Goleman, 1991) If you make people treat you with respect, they will respect you more, in order to reduce dissonance between their attitudes and their behaviors. The remaining subjects were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would want to. Festinger and Carlsmith further concluded, based off the the control group, that those who were only paid $1 felt that they were forcing themselves to explain how "enjoyable" of a task this was when in reality it was not. The theory was first introduced in his 1957 book A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance and further elaborated in the article Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance (Festinger and Carlsmith, 1959). experiment. Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by /ImageI Which of the following has been shown to be true concerning the "teachers" in Milgram's experiment? A person who is very low in self-worth is less likely to be affected by the_____. Relat., 1956, 9, 177-186. The results were surprising to Festinger. If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. 59 0 obj The discussion between the S and the girl was recorded on a hidden tape recorder. Hence, his cognition of his private belief is dissonant with his cognition concerning his actual public statement. 2. Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. New York: Harper & Row. GzXfc^+"R89DP{va3'72IKmr(6*k&LCl7pK)rMTvlTx6Gdo-mnsU exam 2 Flashcards | Chegg.com When a one-hour session had been completed the students were asked to tell the next participant that the experiment was extremely interesting and enjoyable. How are these 100 people likely to respond? Stereotypes are governed by the recency effect. Description of Study Yet no one calls the police. If no factors other than his private opinion are considered it would follow, at least in our culture, that if he believes "X" he would publicly state "X." The results from this question are shown in the last row of Table 1. x]#q/`aC+Khiflm( bc@'QV-a7:o1O7y?wo7.b7F^pZ{e>8_wonz&T=PJe~xw_}ba\ZXH%ll7qAa;;M?3)8T.Vw_G[H}FYc8svcf0w_~7],+g~aEo~}8/q'f. Which communicator would likely be most persuasive? After the S agreed to do it, the E gave him the previously mentioned sheet of paper headed "For Group B" and asked him to read it through again. Method In their laboratory experiment, they used 71 male students as participants to perform a series of dull tasks (such as turning pegs in a peg board for an hour). Her parents attribute this to Elizabeth's laziness. Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. Behavior and Attitudes - Why does our Behavior Affect our Attitudes Before the subjects left the experiment, the experimenter commented that his research assistant would be unavailable to help the following day. bringing diverse groups of people into contact with each other. e_@{:o>A~66O;_w0diF] S X'vk@*g%^?TIg.hi:l'z$-~ >,D tZ)+;=bz-{;(j;C+RC?2jyy.B{WqJx~CaV&+*N4h\2%5$rT `L#%rl2`8tl Ec_\kf"~BY Nicole will probably experience. Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. The E then removed the tray and spools and placed in front of the S a board containing 48 square pegs. %PDF-1.5 Muzafer Sherif et al (1954), Plato, Socrates and Shakespeare endorse a "Tripartite Soul" view of Human Nature. /N 8 You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. Maria had fallen victim to the_______technique. Introducing Cram Folders! If you make people treat you with respect, they will respect you more, in order to reduce dissonance between their attitudes and their behaviors. The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones . asking people to work on separate projects but in the same room. The formation of in-groups and out-groups, The effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior is, Strategies for overcoming prejudice include. An experiment by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) brought cognitive dissonance theory to the attention of American social psychologists. John was late to class, and his friend Eddie assumes that John simply doesn't care about being on time. He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably someone else in the crowd who is a doctor or nurse and who can provide better assistance. In the chapter section Attitudes and Behaviours that Affect Social Interaction, Paul Angelini (2011) introdected the negative elements of social interactio Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; audio not yet available for this language, In Solomon Asch's study, confederates were instructed to, give the incorrect answer to the line-matching task. Thus, with self-selection of who did and who did not make the required overt statement and with varying percentages of subjects in the different conditions who did make the requsted statement, no interpretation of the data can be unequivocal. We are certainly justified in concluding that the Ss in the One Dollar condition did not improvise more nor act more convincingly. "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. in order to reduce dissonance. anything important? The Control condition gives us, essentially, the reactions of Ss to the tasks and their opinions about the experiment as falsely explained to them, without the experimental introduction of dissonance. Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. When experimenters asked later for the truth, the highly paid subjects said the experiment was actually boring. /Linearized 1.0 In this condition, the average rating was +1.35, considerably on the positive side and significantly different from the Control condition at the .02 level[2] (t = 2.48). Furthermore, since the pressure to reduce dissonance will be a function of the magnitude of the dissonance, the observed opinion change should be greatest when the pressure used to elicit the overt behavior is just sufficient to do it. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. The Effects of Prejudice, Stereotype & Discrimination In this study, Festinger and Carlsmith found that Participants in the $1 condition experience greater discomfort and agitation when lying about how fun the task was than do participants in the $20 condition. Specifically, as applied to our results, this a1ternative explanation would maintain that perhaps, for some reason, the Ss in the One Dollar condition worked harder at telling the waiting girl that the tasks were fun and enjoyable. After two minutes the E returned, asked the girl to go into the experimental room, thanked the S for talking to the girl, wrote down his phone number to continue the fiction that we might call on him again in the future and then said: "Look, could we check and see if that fellow from introductory psychology wants to talk to you?". Actually this finding by Kelman is consistent with the theory we will outline below but, for a number of reasons is not conclusive. This automatic assumption about the student's personality is an example of, The process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of other people is called. Which of the following is not a factor that influences attitude formation? Relat., 1953, 6, 185-214. Cheryl's co-worker also got a bad grade on a test, which Cheryl attributes to her co-worker's laziness. To which he readily agrees. He was told to use one hand and to work at his own speed. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. And, indeed, in the Control condition the average rating was -.45, somewhat on the negative side of the neutral point. These Ss were hired for one dollar to tell a waiting S that tasks, which were really rather dull and boring, were interesting, enjoyab1e, and lots of fun. More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. The researchers further concluded, with the help of the said results, that with $1, participants found no significant justification thus the occurrence of cognitive dissonance. The Social Comparison Theory was originally proposed by Leon Festinger in 1954. The questions are as follows: As may be seen, the questions varied in how directly relevant they were to what the S had told the girl. To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior.
1981 Topps Baseball Cards, Does Aoc Have Tattoo, Noble Cause Corruption, Articles F